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<title>Uncodified constitution</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Uncodified constitution</span></span>

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</p><p>An <b>uncodified constitution</b> is a type of <a href="Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> where the fundamental rules often take the form of <a href="Custom_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Custom (law)">customs</a>, <a href="Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Usage">usage</a>, <a href="Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a> and a variety of <a href="Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> and <a href="Legal_instrument" title="Legal instrument">legal instruments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johari_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johari-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An explicit understanding of such a constitution can be developed through commentary by the <a href="Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>, government <a href="Committee" title="Committee">committees</a> or <a href="Jurist" title="Jurist">legal experts</a>. In such a constitutional system, all these elements may be (or may not be) recognized by <a href="Court" title="Court">courts</a>, <a href="Legislator" title="Legislator">legislators</a>, and the <a href="Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> as binding upon government and limiting its powers. Such a framework is sometimes imprecisely called an "<b>unwritten constitution</b>"; however, all the elements of an uncodified constitution are typically written down in a variety of official documents, though not <a href="Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codified</a> in a single document. However, there may be truly "unwritten" <a href="Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional conventions</a> which while not usually legally enforceable may hold just as much sway as the letter of the law.

</p><p>An uncodified constitution has the advantages of elasticity, adaptability, and resilience. <a href="A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">A. V. Dicey</a> described the uncodified constitution as "the most flexible polity in existence."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant disadvantage, however, is that controversies may arise due to different understandings of the usages and customs that form the fundamental provisions of the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Johari_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johari-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A new condition or situation of government may be resolved by precedent or passing <a href="Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johari_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johari-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike a <a href="Codified_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Codified constitution">codified constitution</a>, there are no special procedures for making a <a href="Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a>, and it will not be inherently superior to other legislation. A country with an uncodified constitution lacks a specific moment where the principles of its government were deliberately decided. Instead, these are allowed to evolve according to the political and social forces arising throughout its history.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When viewed as a whole system, the difference between a codified and uncodified constitution is one of degree. Any codified constitution will be overlaid with supplementary legislation and customary practice after a period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Johari_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johari-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, customs and practices that have been observed for long periods in an uncodified manner may be added to the written constitution at various junctures, such as in the case of the two-term limit for presidents of the United States. This custom was observed for nearly a century and a half, unbroken, without any enforcement mechanism until it was ignored by <a href="Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>, after which it was <a href="Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">added to the written Constitution</a> as mandatory <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i></span>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_states">Current states</h2></div>

<p>The following states can be considered to have uncodified constitutions.

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<th rowspan="3">Uncodified constitutions</th>

<th>States that have this form of constitution

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<td>Fully uncodified</td>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="San_Marino" title="San Marino"></a></span></span> <a href="Constitution_of_San_Marino" title="Constitution of San Marino">San Marino</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Israel" title="Israel"></a></span></span> <a href="Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Israel</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"></a></span></span> <a href="Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>

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<td>Partially codified (in few documents)</td>

<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Canada" title="Canada"></a></span></span> <a href="List_of_Canadian_constitutional_documents" title="List of Canadian constitutional documents">Canada</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="China" title="China"></a></span></span> <a href="Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">China</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"></a></span></span> <a href="Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">New Zealand</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a></div>

<p>Although there are Constitution Acts,<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_Act_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_Act-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> important aspects of the constitutional system are uncodified. The preamble to the <a href="Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a> declares it to be "similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom" (which is uncodified).<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_Act_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_Act-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>This applies at the federal level and to the <a href="Provinces_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Canada">provinces</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although each does have the power to modify or enact their own within their exclusive areas of responsibility. To date only British Columbia has enacted a codified provincial constitution (see <a href="Constitution_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of British Columbia">Constitution of British Columbia</a>), though the other provinces' roles and powers are spelled out in section 93 of the <i><a href="Constitution_Act%2C_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i>, and through amendments to it dealing with particular provinces such as the <a href="Manitoba_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitoba Act">Manitoba Act</a> and the <a href="Newfoundland_Act" title="Newfoundland Act">Newfoundland Act</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution of China</a></div>

<p>Some Chinese academics including legal theorist <a href="Jiang_Shigong" title="Jiang Shigong">Jiang Shigong</a> have argued that China has both a written constitution and an unwritten constitution based on the comprehensive leadership of the <a href="Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Constitution_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Israel">Constitution of Israel</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Declaration_of_Independence_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence of Israel">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a> promised a <a href="Constitution_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Israel">constitution</a> by 2 October 1948, but due to irreconcilable differences in the <a href="Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, no complete codified constitution has been written yet. However, there are several <a href="Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Laws</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">Constitution of New Zealand</a></div>

<p>New Zealand has no single constitutional document.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowell_&_Webb_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowell_&_Webb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-joseph_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joseph-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes referred to as an "unwritten constitution", although the New Zealand constitution is in fact an amalgamation of <a href="Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">written</a> and unwritten sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Eichbaum_&_Shaw_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichbaum_&_Shaw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Constitution_Act_1986" title="Constitution Act 1986">Constitution Act 1986</a> has a central role,<sup id="cite_ref-Eichbaum_&_Shaw_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eichbaum_&_Shaw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside a collection of other <a href="Lists_of_statutes_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of statutes of New Zealand">statutes</a>, <a href="Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">orders in Council</a>, <a href="Letters_Patent_Constituting_the_Office_of_Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand">letters patent</a>, decisions of the <a href="Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">courts</a>, <a href="Principles_of_the_Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi">principles of the Treaty of Waitangi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-McDowell_&_Webb_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowell_&_Webb-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and unwritten traditions and <a href="Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">conventions</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="San_Marino">San Marino</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Constitution_of_San_Marino" title="Constitution of San Marino">Constitution of San Marino</a></div>

<p>San Marino has several documents that make up its constitution, including some lasting centuries. These documents include six books of The Statues of 1600 and the Declarations of Citizen's Rights. It is the oldest surviving constitution in the world.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Constitution_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Saudi Arabia">Constitution of Saudi Arabia</a></div>

<p>Saudi Arabia has no legally binding written constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Champion60_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champion60-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, <a href="Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> declared the <a href="Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, the religious text of Islam, to be the constitution. However, in 1992, the <a href="Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law of Saudi Arabia</a> was adopted by <a href="Royal_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal decree">royal decree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerhard_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhard-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution of the United Kingdom</a></div>

<p>In the United Kingdom, there is no defining document that can be termed "the constitution". Because the political system evolved over time, rather than being changed suddenly in an event such as a revolution, collapse of government or overthrow of monarchy, it is continuously being defined by acts of <a href="Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> and decisions of the <a href="Court" title="Court">courts</a>. The closest the UK has come to a constitutional code has been the <a href="Treaty_of_Union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Union 1707">Treaty of Union 1707</a>.

</p><p>Due to the United Kingdom having an uncodified constitution, many acts have been added to the collection of <a href="Constitutional_statutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional statutes">constitutional statutes</a>, such as the <a href="Parliament_Acts_1911_and_1949" title="Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949">Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949</a>, the <a href="Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000" title="Freedom of Information Act 2000">Freedom of Information Act 2000</a>, the <a href="Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a> and the <a href="Dissolution_and_Calling_of_Parliament_Act_2022" title="Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022">Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022</a>. This means the United Kingdom's constitutional rules are not written in a single document.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_examples">Former examples</h2></div>

<ul><li>The <a href="Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Constitution of the Roman Republic</a>, made up of the <a href="Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a> and other statutes.</li>

<li><a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> had an uncodified constitution prior to 1949.</li>

<li><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: What written and unwritten elements made up the <a href="Basic_Laws_of_Sweden" title="Basic Laws of Sweden">Swedish constitution</a> was the subject of much uncertainty and debate, until the <a href="Instrument_of_Government_(1809)" title="Instrument of Government (1809)">Instrument of Government 1809</a> (<i>1809 års regeringsform</i>) made a point of expressly superseding “all more or less valid constitutions ... as well as ... any other such laws, acts, ordinances, statutes or decisions, however ancient or new, as have previously been included under the name of constitution”.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, the <a href="Basic_Laws_of_Sweden#Instrument_of_Government" title="Basic Laws of Sweden">Instrument of Government</a> specifies at paragraph 3 that the constitution of Sweden (<i>rikets grundlagar</i>) consists of the Instrument of Government, the <a href="Swedish_Freedom_of_the_Press_Act" title="Swedish Freedom of the Press Act">Freedom of the Press Act</a>, the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression and the <a href="Swedish_Act_of_Succession" title="Swedish Act of Succession">Act of Succession</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Constitution_of_1772" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Constitution of 1772">The Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Finland</a> was never codified. The <a href="Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a>, who also served from 1809 to 1917 as <a href="Grand_Duke_of_Finland" title="Grand Duke of Finland">Grand Duke of Finland</a>, never specifically recognized the constitution as that of a separate and autonomous <a href="Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Finland</a>, in spite of the fact that that constitution largely dictated the relationship between Finland and the <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> throughout the Russian era in Finland.</li></ul>

<dl><dd>By the late 19th century leading Finnish intellectuals—liberals and nationalists, and later, socialists as well—had come to consider Finland as a constitutional state in its own right in a mere <a href="Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a> with Russia. This notion clashed with emerging Russian nationalism and with Russian calls for a unitary state for Slavs only, which eventually came into conflict with Finnish separatism and constitutionalism in the form of "<a href="Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">russification policies</a>", which restricted Finland's extensive autonomy from 1899 onwards, excluding a brief interruption between 1905 and 1908, all the way to the <a href="February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in 1917.</dd>

<dd>The <a href="Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> of 1917 eventually recognized the Finnish constitution, and after the <a href="October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> the <a href="Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> government of the <a href="RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">RSFSR</a> recognized Finland's declaration of independence on New Year's Eve 1917.</dd></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> did not have a codified constitution until 1993 and until that date, there was no clear separation of powers. The two <a href="Par%C3%A9age_of_Andorra_(1278)" title="Paréage of Andorra (1278)">Andorran paréages</a> of 1278 and 1288 were the <a href="Basic_law" title="Basic law">basic laws</a> of the country until the promulgation of the <a href="Constitution_of_Andorra" title="Constitution of Andorra">1993 Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The <a href="Constitution_of_Queensland" title="Constitution of Queensland">Constitution of Queensland</a> before 2001</li>

<li><a href="Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> prior to 1996</li>

<li><a href="Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> between 1969 and 1975</li>

<li><a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> prior to 1932 had <a href="Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> of <a href="Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a> as an uncodified constitution.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Johari-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johari_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johari_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johari_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johari_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johari, J. C. (2006) <i>New Comparative Government</i>, Lotus Press, New Delhi, p. 167–169</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. V. Dicey, <a href="Introduction_to_the_Study_of_the_Law_of_the_Constitution" title="Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution">Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution</a> (page 39)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Kumar-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prabir Kumar De (2011) <i>Comparative Politics</i>, Dorling Kindersley, p. 59</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Constitution_Act-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_Act_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_Act_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/pdf/const_e.pdf"><i>Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982</i></a>, being <i>The Constitution Act, 1867</i> (UK), 30 & 31 Vict., c. 3, and <i>The Constitution Act, 1982</i>, Schedule B to the <i>Canada Act 1982</i> (UK), 1982, c. 11.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ontario (Attorney General) v. OPSEU</i>, [1987] 2 S.C.R. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canlii.ca/t/1ftn6">1987 CanLII 71 (SCC)</a>, Retrieved 2019-11-07.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFZhai2018" class="citation book cs1">Zhai, Han (2018). "The 'Invisible Constitution' seen Realistically: Visualising China's Unitary System". In Dixon, Rosalind; Stone, Adrienne (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sulwDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Invisible Constitution in Comparative Perspective</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 406. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781108417570</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-McDowell_&_Webb-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDowell_&_Webb_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDowell_&_Webb_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowellWebb2002" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Morag; <a href="Duncan_Webb" title="Duncan Webb">Webb, Duncan</a> (2002). <i>The New Zealand Legal System</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a> Butterworths. p. 101. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0408716266</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-joseph-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-joseph_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph1989" class="citation web cs1">Joseph, Philip (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzlii.org/nz/journals/CanterLawRw/1989/5.pdf">"Foundations of the Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canterbury Law Review. p. 72.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Eichbaum_&_Shaw-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eichbaum_&_Shaw_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eichbaum_&_Shaw_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEichbaumShaw2005" class="citation book cs1">Eichbaum, Chris; Shaw, Richard (2005). <i>Public Policy in New Zealand - Institutions, processes and outcomes</i>. Pearson Education New Zealand. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>33. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1877258938</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Matthew_Palmer" title="Matthew Palmer">Palmer, Matthew</a> (20 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/constitution/page-1">"Constitution - What is a constitution?"</a>. <a href="Te_Ara%3A_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand" title="Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2008" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Matthew (2008). <i>The Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand's Law and Constitution</i>. <a href="Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University of Wellington</a> Press. p. 17. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-86473-579-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Champion60-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Champion60_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChampion2003" class="citation book cs1">Champion, Daryl (2003). <i>The paradoxical kingdom: Saudi Arabia and the momentum of reform</i>. Hurst & Company. p. 60. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-85065-668-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gerhard-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gerhard_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobbers2007" class="citation book cs1">Robbers, Gerhard (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of world constitutions</i>. Vol. 2. p. 791. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8160-6078-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKing2007" class="citation book cs1">King, A (2007). <i>The British Constitution</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 6.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBullSterzel2020" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Thomas; Sterzel, Fredrik (2020). <i>Regeringsformen: en kommentar</i> (4th ed.). Lund: Studentlitteratur. p. 52.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGovern_d'Andorra" class="citation web cs1">Govern d'Andorra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070720204803/http://www.andorra.be/en/2.1.htm">"History"</a>. The Embassy of Andorra to the Benelux, Denmark and Slovenia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andorra.be/en/2.1.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background: lightblue"><div id="Government98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px">

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_and_government31" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Politics_and_government31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="Government" title="Government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li>

<li><a href="Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_government" title="Central government">Central government</a></li>

<li><a href="Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">Federal government</a></li>

<li><a href="National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li>

<li><i>Levels:</i></li>

<li><a href="Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></li>

<li><a href="County_government" class="mw-redirect" title="County government">County government</a></li>

<li><a href="Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li>

<li><a href="Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li>

<li><a href="Township" title="Township">Township</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li>

<li><a href="List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">Govt systems</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">Countries by system</a></li>

<li><i>Systems:</i></li>

<li><a href="Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Electocracy" title="Electocracy">Electocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ergatocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergatocracy">Ergatocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li>

<li><a href="Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i><a href="Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>:</i></li>

<li><a href="Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular </a></li>

<li><a href="Collaborative_e-democracy" title="Collaborative e-democracy">Collaborative</a></li>

<li><a href="Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li>

<li><a href="Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li>

<li><a href="Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li>

<li><i>Theoreticians:</i></li>

<li><a href="John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li>

<li><a href="Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li>

<li><a href="National_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="National healthcare">National healthcare</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">Public education</a></li>

<li><a href="Military" title="Military">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li>

<li><i>Regulation:</i></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulation">Environmental regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Banking_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking regulation">Banking regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Food inspection">Food inspection</a></li>

<li><i>Municipal:</i></li>

<li><a href="Traffic_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lights">Traffic lights</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Street cleaning">Street cleaning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Documents</i></li>

<li><a href="Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li>

<li><i>Roles:</i></li>

<li><a href="Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li>

<li><a href="Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li>

<li><a href="President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li>

<li><a href="Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li>

<li><i>Bodies:</i></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li>

<li><a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li>

<li><i>Legislative bodies</i></li>

<li><a href="Congress" title="Congress">Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></li>

<li><a href="Council" title="Council">Council</a></li>

<li><a href="House_of_Assembly" title="House of Assembly">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Legislative_council" title="Legislative council">Legislative council</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance <br> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Process:</i></li>

<li><a href="Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee" title="Committee">Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li>

<li><i>Outcomes:</i></li>

<li><a href="Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">Elections</a>:</i></li>

<li><a href="Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Campaigns</a></li>

<li><i>Groups:</i></li>

<li><a href="Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a></li>

<li><a href="Advocacy_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy groups">Advocacy groups</a></li>

<li><i>Issues:</i></li>

<li><a href="Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Fields of study</i></li>

<li><a href="Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Overviews:</i></li>

<li><a href="Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li>

<li><i>Reforms</i></li>

<li><a href="Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li>

<li><i>Documents:</i></li>

<li><a href="Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">Embassy</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li>

<li><i>World:</i></li>

<li><a href="World_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="World Government">World government</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="World Court">World Court</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li>

<li><i>Templates:</i></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">{{</span>Political ideologies<span class="nowrap">}}</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">{{</span>Political culture<span class="nowrap">}}</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">{{</span>Political spectrum<span class="nowrap">}}</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">{{</span>Social and political philosophy<span class="nowrap">}}</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">{{</span>liberalism<span class="nowrap">}}</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">{{</span>Conservatism navbox<span class="nowrap">}}</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">{{</span>aspects of capitalism<span class="nowrap">}}</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">{{</span>Western culture<span class="nowrap">}}</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">{{</span>Autonomous types of first-tier administration<span class="nowrap">}}</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">{{</span>World government<span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Forms of government</li>

<li>Types of democracy</li>

<li>Political parties</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries568" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries568" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common types of government <a href="Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> and <a href="Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li>

<li><a href="Vice_president" title="Vice president">Vice president</a></li>

<li><a href="Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Deputy_prime_minister" title="Deputy prime minister">Deputy prime minister</a></li>

<li><a href="First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Deputy_First_Minister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deputy First Minister (disambiguation)">Deputy First Minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_the_President_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Office of the President (disambiguation)">Office of the president</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_department" title="Cabinet department">Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker / President of the assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">Secretary of state</a></li>

<li><a href="Minister_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of state">Minister of state</a></li>

<li><a href="Deputy_minister" title="Deputy minister">Deputy minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretary</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary</a></li>

<li><a href="Associate_Minister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Associate Minister (disambiguation)">Associate Minister</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defence / <br> foreign affairs /<br>public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Ministry of defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Ministry of foreign affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Immigration_minister" title="Immigration minister">Immigration minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">Interior minister</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interior_ministry" title="Interior ministry">Interior ministry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="International_development_minister" title="International development minister">International development minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Minister_for_European_Affairs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for European Affairs (disambiguation)">Europe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics/<br>infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commerce_minister" title="Commerce minister">Commerce minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_the_economy" title="Ministry of the economy">Ministry of the economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_finance" title="Ministry of finance">Ministry of finance</a></li>

<li><a href="Minister_of_industry" title="Minister of industry">Minister of industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_Infrastructure_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ministry of Infrastructure (disambiguation)">Ministry of infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_trade_and_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of trade and industry">Ministry of trade and industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of transport">Ministry of transport</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment / <br>natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Energy_minister" title="Energy minister">Energy minister</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ministry_of_energy" title="Ministry of energy">Ministry of energy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Environment_minister" title="Environment minister">Environment minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of electricity">Ministry of electricity</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_petroleum" title="Ministry of petroleum">Ministry of petroleum</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_water_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of water resources">Ministry of water resources</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ministry_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of culture">Ministry of culture</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Education_minister" title="Education minister">Education minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_education_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of education and culture">Ministry of education and culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Health minister">Health minister</a>

<ul><li><a href="Health_department" title="Health department">Ministry of health</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Information_minister" title="Information minister">Information minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Housing_minister" title="Housing minister">Housing minister</a>

<ul><li><a href="Housing_authority" title="Housing authority">Ministry of housing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_justice" title="Ministry of justice">Ministry of justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Minister_of_labour" title="Minister of labour">Minister of labour</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ministry_of_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of labour">Ministry of labour</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Regional_minister" title="Regional minister">Regional minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministry of sports</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_home_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of home affairs">Ministry of home affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_religious_affairs" title="Ministry of religious affairs">Ministry of religious affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_science" title="Ministry of science">Ministry of science</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_social_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social affairs">Ministry of social affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social security">Ministry of social security</a></li>

<li><a href="Minister_for_Veterans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Veterans (disambiguation)">Minister for Veterans</a></li>

<li><a href="Ministry_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of women">Ministry of women</a>

<ul><li><a href="Minister_for_Women_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Women (disambiguation)">Minister for women</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Presidents</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_vice_presidents_and_designated_acting_presidents" title="List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents">Vice presidents</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Prime ministers</a></li>

<li><a href="Deputy_prime_minister#Lists_of_deputy_prime_ministers" title="Deputy prime minister">Deputy prime ministers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_presidents_of_legislatures" title="List of current presidents of legislatures">Presidents of assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Agriculture ministries</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ministers_of_climate_change" title="List of ministers of climate change">Climate change ministers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ministries_of_communications" title="List of ministries of communications">Communications ministries</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_defence_ministers" title="List of current defence ministers">Defence ministers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_education_ministries" title="List of education ministries">Education ministries</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ministers_of_the_environment" title="List of ministers of the environment">Environment ministers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environment ministries</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_finance_ministers" title="List of current finance ministers">Finance ministers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_foreign_ministers" title="List of current foreign ministers">Foreign ministers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Forest ministries</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_health_departments_and_ministries" title="List of health departments and ministries">Health ministries</a> (<a href="Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">mental health</a>)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_interior_ministers" title="List of current interior ministers">Interior ministers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_public_works_ministries" title="List of public works ministries">Public works ministries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Government ministers by portfolio</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Ministries by portfolio</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_services418" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Public_services418" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Public_service" title="Public service">Public services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive tax</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li>

<li><a href="Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_newspaper" title="Free newspaper">Free newspaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Product_sample" title="Product sample">Product sample</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_bad" title="Public bad">Public bad</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">Public good (economics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_land" title="Public land">Public land</a></li>

<li><a href="State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_rights" title="Public rights">Public rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">Public sphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Public procurement</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_trust" title="Public trust">Public trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_value" title="Public value">Public value</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a></li>

<li><a href="Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li>

<li><a href="Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a>

<ul><li><a href="Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Savings system</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></li>

<li><a href="Postal%2C_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">Telecommunication</a>

<ul><li><a href="Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Municipal broadband</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_water_system" title="Public water system">Public water system</a></li>

<li><a href="Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li>

<li><a href="Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">Free clinic</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li>

<li><a href="Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Public bookcase</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a></li>

<li><a href="State_school" title="State school">Public school</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public toilet</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_university" title="Public university">Public university</a></li>

<li><a href="Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">Job creation</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">Single-payer health care</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Government_auction" title="Government auction">Government auction</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_float" title="Public float">Public float</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">Public holiday</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_offering" title="Public offering">Public offering</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_security" title="Public security">Public security</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_use" title="Public use">Public use</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_viewing_area" title="Public viewing area">Public viewing area</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_services" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Public services">Commons</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Uncodified_constitution&oldid=1287151395">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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